In paratenic hosts, the larvae never mature and remain at the L2 stage. There are many 'accidental' or paratenic hosts including humans, birds, pigs, rodents, goats, monkeys, and rabbits. Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are perhaps the most ubiquitous gastrointestinal worms ( helminths) of domestic dogs, cats, coyotes, wolves and foxes. Humans normally become infected by ingestion of embryonated eggs (each containing a fully developed second stage larva, L2) from contaminated sources (soil, undercooked meat, fresh or unwashed vegetables). This zoonotic, helminthic infection is a rare cause of blindness and may provoke rheumatic, neurologic, or asthmatic symptoms. Other terms sometimes or rarely used include nematode ophthalmitis, toxocaral disease, toxocarose, and covert toxocariasis. Depending on geographic location, degree of eosinophilia, eye and/or pulmonary signs, the terms ocular larva migrans (OLM), Weingarten's disease, Frimodt-Møller's syndrome, and eosinophilic pseudoleukemia are applied to toxocariasis. Toxocariasis is often called visceral larva migrans (VLM). Toxocariasis is an illness of humans caused by larvae (immature worms) of either the dog roundworm ( Toxocara canis), the cat roundworm ( Toxocara cati) or the fox roundworm ( Toxocara canis).
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